`G = (:N, A, f:)`
`G = (:{1,2,3,4,5,6}, {a,b,c,d,e}, {(a, 2-3), (b, 1-4), (c, 4-5), (d, 1-3), (e, 2-2)}:)`
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Adjacent nodes - nodes that are connected by an arc.
Loop - an arc that starts and ends with the same node.
Loop free graph - graph with no loops.
Isolated node - a node not adjacent to any other node.
Degree - the number of arcs that end at a node.
Parallel arcs - two arcs with the same endpoints.
Simple - has no parallel arcs and no loops.
Complete graph - all distinct nodes are adjacent (always connected).
Path - a sequence of consecutive arcs in a graph.
Path length - the number of arcs in the path.
Connected graph - there is a path to every node in the graph.
Cycle - a path exists from a node back to the same node such that no arc is used more than once.
Acyclic - has no cycles.
Tree - a graph that is connected and acyclic (including loops).
Leaves - nodes with no children.
Internal nodes - nodes that are non-leaves.
Node depth - the length of the path from the root to the node.
Height - the greatest depth.
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Node 1 is the starting node (or root node).
Node 1 is the parent node.
Nodes 2 and 3 are children of 1.
Nodes 4, 5, and 6 are children of 2.
Nodes 7 and 8 are children of 3.
a and b are branches.
A binary tree is a tree where each node has at most two children.
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A full binary tree is a binary tree where all internal nodes have two children and all leaves of the tree are at the same depth.
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Theorem - a tree with `n` nodes has `(n - 1)` arcs.